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| Ahi ka |
Maintaining the rights of a group in a district by occupying it (literally "keeping the fire warm"). |
| Ahi matao |
People whose tupuna once had rights to the land, but whose claims have weakened for a variety of reasons, such as expulsion due to conquest. |
| Apartheid |
One racial group's imposition of domination and segregation on other racial groups. |
| Ariki (see rangatira, kaumatua) |
Paramount chief of an iwi; must be accepted by rangatira. Hoturoa was the first ariki for Tainui;
Tuheitia
is the current ariki for Tainui. |
| Assimilation |
One group's culture disappears as members adopt the culture of the dominant group (in order to survive or by choice). |
| Bicultural; Tikanga rua |
Of two cultures. In Aotearoa this means more than just the existence of two cultures (Tangata Whenua and Pakeha usually) - it includes sharing of power. To be personally bicultural is to be equally competent when operating in either of two cultures. |
| Hapu (see whanau, iwi, waka) |
A group of extended whanau with all members tracing descent from a common ancestor; hapu occupy a specifically delineated area. Whanau, hapu, iwi and waka are all parts of how an individual traces ancestry and thereby affiliation to a group. |
| Integration |
"One people" whose culture is a composite of aspects of two or more cultures. |
| Iwi (see hapu, whanau, waka) |
People of affiliated hapu with a common ancestor; the largest Tangata Whenua political unit. Iwi occupy a specifically delineated area; each is sovereign and independent. |
| Kaitiaki |
Tangata Whenua with special responsibilities of guardianship and conservation of the environment; also used in the sense of "trustee". |
| Kaumatua; Pakeke (see ariki, rangatira) |
Now means respected elders of the rnarae who are leaders at that level; traditionally referred to all elders. |
| Kaupapa |
Philosophy; theme/s, principle/s. |
| Kawa |
Protocol. |
| Kawana |
Transliteration of "governor"; introduced by the missionaries when translating the Bible to describe Pontius Pilate. In 1840, many Tangata Whenua, especially in the north, were aware of the kawana in Australia. |
| Mana whenua |
Tangata Whenua with authority to speak about a specific district; the authority of the land itself. |
| Manuhiri |
Visitors (short-term). |
| Maori |
Traditionally meant "normal", "ordinary", "usual". Adopted by early Pakeha to refer to people from all the iwi due to a misunderstanding. Tangata Whenua is more accurate and culturally appropriate. |
| Monocultural |
Of one culture; emphasises the power, as well as the culture, of the dominant group. |
| Multicultural |
Of many cultures; refers to the existence in the group of people of many cultures, and may also include cultural awareness or sensitivity. Generally does not denote sharing of power. |
| Nga wa i mua |
The "past" (literally, the "times in front"). |
| Pakeha |
Word used for Europeans in Aotearoa as early as 1820; origin unknown. Not derogatory. |
| Partnership |
A negotiated relationship, with specified rights and responsibilities. |
| Rangatira |
Leader/s of a hapu, primarily determined by descent but also assent. The use of the term to refer to one's boss or senior in a group is inappropriate, especially if the person is tauiwi. When used by missionaries, it indicated the highest temporal authority (they reserved "Ariki" for reference to the Lord in spiritual terms). |
| Self-determination; Separatism |
Each group has ultimate authority over its own group, not over other groups. |
| Sovereignty |
Ultimate authority; may include authority over another group, in which case it may be oppressive or or tolerant of difference. |
| Tangata Tiriti |
People who came to Aotearoa under the authority of Te Tiriti o Waitangi. |
| Tangata Whenua |
Literally, "people of the land". Sometimes used to refer to all people of iwi descent; more properly used to refer to people of iwi descent whose ancestors have traditionally occupied their district. Manuhiri who have gone through the lifting of tapu in a powhiri are technically Tangata Whenua at that place for that time. |
| Tauiwi |
All those who came to Aotearoa after the iwi; "foreigners" as in "coming from elsewhere". Includes Pakeha and non-Pakeha immigrants. |
| Taura here |
People of iwi descent who are living in but not Tangata Whenua of a district. |
| Te reo |
The language of Tangata Whenua (literally, "the language"). |
| Tikanga |
Customs, the correct way of doing things. |
| Tupuna; tipuna |
Ancestor or grandparent. |
| Waka (see hapu, iwi, whanau) |
A canoe, especially the ones bringing Tangata Whenua to Aotearoa; there were more than seven, and they didn't come in a "Great Fleet". Tainui was one waka. |
| Whanau (see hapu, iwi, waka) |
Extended family. |
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